Nonsynchronous phase compensated motor



Oct. 426 1926.

V. A. FYNN NONSYNCHRONOUS PHASE COMPENSATE MOTOR Filed Dec. 17, 1924 2Sneerts-Sheet Oct. 26 1926.

`v. AxFYNN NONSYN'CHRONOUSPHASE CCMPENSATED MOTOR 2 Snesa'as--Sheeu 2 Ffiled Dec. 17, 1924 'Patented Oct. Z6, 1926.

UNITED STATES VALRE ALFRED FYNN, OF ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI.

NON SYN CHRON OUS PHASE COMPENSATED MOTOR.

Application led December 17, 1924. Serial No. 756,527.

My invention relates to polyphase nonsynchronous induction motors and generators and particularly to improved means for controlling the power factor or thel phase compensation ol' such machines and to a system of distribution embodying such compensated machines. of my invention are applicable to all types and i'orins""ol' non-synchronous induction motors, while other features thereof are particularly applicable to machines in which the phase compensation producing or exciting voltages are of slip 'frequency and are generated in the motor itself.

Generally speaking, my invention consists in providing means whereby the secondary circuits carrying the exciting currents responsible for at least a part of the synchronously revolving fundamental magnetization in phase compensated polyphase induction motors are partly or entirely freed from load currents. I may so arrange matters that the exciting circuits carry but a fraction of the total load ampereturns at all loads, or that they carry a fraction of the total load ampereturns at someload and practically no load ampereturns at one or more other loads, or that they carry practically no load ampereturns at any load from no load to maximum load. I first provide two sets of windings on the secondary member-,closing one of these preferably along a plurality of axes per pole pair and injecting into the other auxiliary and, in this case, exciting voltages along a plurality of axes per pole pair. This arrangement leads to a distribution of the total load ampereturns between the two sets of secondary windings because what may be referred to as working voltages will be induced or generated in each of these secondaries. These windings will be referred to as seeondar y working and exciting windings. Because the exciting winding upon which the auxiliary voltages are impressed also includes the source of said voltages, the impedance of its circuits will generally exceed that of the working winding and it may for that reason carry less of the induced or generated load currents. The less load currents the exciting circuits carry, the smaller can be their copper cross section, the smaller the capacity of the source of the auxiliary Some of the featuresl stance by locating the working winding be` tween the exciting winding and the primary. I `may further increase the impedance of the secondary exciting winding by means of impedances located outside of the motor or in other Ways. In such manner I can make the impedance of the secondary exciting Winding ,perworking volt induced or generated in said winding greater than the impedance of the .secondary working Winding per working` volt induced or generated-in said working winding by the fundamental magnetization of the machine and yet force through the exciting winding as many exciting am ereturns as desired because I produce these y means of auxiliary voltages eonductively impressed on the exciting winding and not generated therein and whose, magnitude I can adjust Without changing the magnitude of the fundamental magnetization of the motor. I, however, realize that too great an increase of the impedance of the exciting circuit, particularly when secured to a. great extent by increasing the ohmic resistance of the circuit, may in some cases lower the efficiency of the machine unduly and I therefore do not always entirely rely on this feature. Whether or not I provide two sets of secondary windings with different impedanees per generated volt, I may impress on the exciting Windings auxiliary voltages of such phase and magnitude that one component of each of said voltages will produce at least part of the synchronously revolving fundamental magnetization of the machine, While the other component of each of thesevoltages, displaced by 90 degrees from the first, will oppose what may be termed the Working voltages appearing in the exciting windings and induced or generated therein by the synchronously revolving fundamental magnetin `sation. These working voltages, if not o posed, will produce Working currents in t e directly on the commuted winding 9.

circuits of the exciting' winding; they increase as the slip and thc load of the motor increase and if they are to be neutralized at all loads, those components of the auxiliary voltages which oppose the generated .or induced working voltages must, increase in like manner. On the other hand. the excitation of polyphase induction motors must and docs remain practically-constant at all loads,'and if a constant power factor is desired, that componentI of each auxiliary voltage which contributes to or determines the excitation of the motor and lags by 90 degrees with respect to the working-currentopposing component should remain constant. Tf this component varies, the power factor of the. machine will vary. Because of these conditions the results as to power factor and load currents in the exciting windings will vary according to the manner in which the phase and magnitude of the auxiliary voltages are selected and according to the manner in which the phase or the magnitude or both are varied iii case they are changed at all. vIt is, however, possible to so arrange matters as to always exclude practically all load currents from the exciting windings and cause the power factor to remain constant or to vary with loadin almost any desired manner.

The objects and features of this invention will more clearly appear from the detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying: drawings and will be pointed out in the claims. c

-ln the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, Figs. 1, 2 and 7 show two-pole embodiments of my invention, Fig. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 are explanatory diagrams and Fig. 9.1s a system of distribution embodying my invention.

Referring to Fig. 1, this illustrates a three-phase asynchronous induction motor, the primary of which is located on the revolvinf,r member. The primary carries. a three-phase winding 8 provided with sliprings 5, 6, 7 connected to the three-phase supply 2, 3, 4 by means of brushes and with the intcrposition of the primaries of the series transformers 26. 27, 28, The primary winding 8 is preferably located near the top of the rotor slots 53, close to the outer periphery of the rotor, as clearly shown in Fig. 3 where 53 is a rotor slot, 36 a stator slot and 52 the air-gap between rotor and stator. The primary also carries a commuted winding 9 located in the bottom of the rotor slots 53. The sets of brushes 10, 11 and 12, 13 displaced by 90 electrical degrces co-operate with the commuted winding. These brushes are shown as restiiig n practice a commutator would be used, but it is not shown in order to simplify the drawing and also to avoid all indeiiniteness as to the location of the brushes with relation to the winding 9. The/secondary of thisl motor, here the stator, carries a. squirrel cage winding 14 or any other winding which can be closed along a plurality of axes per pole pair. The stator also carries the tw windings 15 and 16 displaced by 90 electrical degrees. The squirrel cage wind-- ing or its equivalent is preferably located close to the inner periphery of the stator slot 36 so as to be in the closest possiblev inductive relation to the primary-winding 8, while thc windings 15 and 16 are preferably place'l in the bottom of the stator slots and away from the inner periphery as shown in Fig. 3. The ohmic resistance of 14 is preferably made lower per volt generated than that of 15.16. 'Ihe brushes 10, 11 stand in the axis of the winding 16, the brushes 12, 13 in that 0f the Winding l5. rlhe brushes 10, 11 are connected in circuit with the winding 15, the impedance 34' and with the movable secondary 18 of the adjustable ratio transformer 17, 18. The primary 17 of this transformer is connected to the brushes 12, 13. Similarly, the brushes l2, 13 are connected in circuit with the iinpedance 35. the secondary winding 16 and the movable secondary 20 of the adjustable ratio transformer 19, 20. The primary 19 of this transformer is connected to the brushes 10. 11. The two secondaries 18 and 20 of the adjustable ratio transformers are mounted on the shaft 21, together with the squirrel cage armature 22 of the motor relay 22, 23. 24, 25. The polyphase windings 23, 24, 25 on the stator-of the relay are star connected and connected to the star connec-ted secondaries of the series transformers 26. 27. 23.V At no load the rotor 22 of the relay is under the control of the spring 32. which holds it in the position determined by the stop 33 and by one of the projections 39 carried by the rotor 22. in which position the axes of the secondaries 18 and 20 of the adjustable ratio transformers are at right angles to the axes of the correspondingr primaries 17. 19 and the secondary voltages are zero. The connections between the windings 23. 24. 25 of the relay and the series transformers 26. 27. 28 are so made that the toruue exerted by the rotor 22 tends to move the latter counterclockwise and these windings and transformers are so dimensioned vthat when the motor is yielding its maximum output, the rotor 22 of the relay and the secondaries 18 and 20 ofthe adjustable ratio transformers are in the position shown in Fig. 1. Tn this position the secondary voltage of the adjustable ratio transformers is at a maximum. The brushes 10, 11 and 1,2, 13 are located to supply to the windings 15. 16 respectively exciting voltages c and c of such phase and peiiodieitv as are necessary to produce at least part of the synchronously revolving funds.-

the winding ,14.

secondary voltage of the transformer 17, 18. yis the auxiliary voltage E for' the phase 15 of the secondary exciting winding 15, 1 6.

'llie auxiliary voltage. E for the phase 16 is the vectorial siini ofthe voltage at the brushes 12, 13 and oi the .secondary voltage of the transformer 19, 20. The impedanres 34, 35 may be external impcdanccs or may be taken as a diagramiiiatic representation of some such arrangement as indicated i'ii Fig. 3 whereby the impedance of 15, 16 per vvolt ofworking voltage generated in the windings'15, 16 is greater than -the impedance ot 14 per working volt generated in Referring to Fig. 2, the revolving meinber carries the' primaryA winding 8 adapted to be connected to the three-phase sup ly 2, 3, 4 by-means of the sliprings 5, 6, i) and brushes cooperating therewith and through the primaries of the series transformers 26,

27, 28. The rotor also carries a commuted winding 9 with which cri-operate the brushes 10, 11 and 12, 13. The brushes 10 and 12 are stationary, but the brushes 11 and V13 are mounted on the movable rocker arm 29 normally under the control of the spring 32 which holds a suitable projecti0n39 of said rocker arm against the stop 33 and thus locates the brushes inthe position shown. The brush rocker arm 29 is geared to the shaft 31 of the armature 22 of the motor relay 22, 23, 24, 25 by means of the gear wheel 30, and the star connected-stator windings 23. 24, 25 o f said relays are connected to the star connected secondaries of the Vseries transformers 26, 27, 28 so as to cause the rotor 22 to exert a clockwise torque which tends to move the brush rocker arm countera clockwise and away from the stop-33, The

stator of this motor, here the secondary,v

' carries a squirrel cage winding 14 or its equivalent and the two windings 15, 16 displaced by 90 electrical degrees. ing 15 is connected to the brushes 10, 11 through lthe impedance 34. The Winding 16 y is connected to the brushes 12, 13 through the impedance 35. When the brush rocker arm 29 is under the control ofv spring 32 and held in the position shown lin Fig. 2, 4 f the axis of the brushes 10, 11 coincides with that of 16 and the axis of the brushes 12, 13

with that of 15. The connections are so made that the phase .otl the auxiliary voltage E supplied by the brushes 10, 11l when in the position' shown and the phase'of the The winda|i xiliary voltage l plied by the brushes 12, 13' are as required for the excitation of the machinewith the simultaneously suphelp ofl the secondary-windings 15 and 16,

each leads .the workingv voltage in the rircuit on which it is impressed by-about 90 degrees. '.lhe brushes are held in the position shownin Fig. 2 at no load. As the load increases the brush rocker ai'in 29is` moved counterclockwise. 'This changes the phase 'and magnitude of the voltages deliv.

ered by the brushes 10, 11'and 12,' 13 as inl dicated in Fig. 6, and cach of these auxiliary voltages now supplies a working-voltagesop-- posing component- (-e) as ivcll asan ex'- citing voltage component c to thesecondary l winding'with which it co-operates. l l

vIn Fig. 7 the primary is on the stator and shown as a two-phase winding 8', and 8"' 'connected to the two-phase supply l), P2. `he rotor carries a three-phase working -winding 14 adapted to be closed over the ad justable resistances 47 by wayof theV sliprings 44, 45.46 and co-operating brushes and a (.oiiimutcd exciting winding 15, 16 with which (ro-operates the two-phase arrangenient ot' brushes 40. 41 and 42. 43. The

vbrushes 40,' 41 stand in the axis of the primary 8 and the 'brushes 42, 43 in that Yol?,

the primary 8'-, '1heauxiliary-voltages are 95 derived from the stator windings 48, 49, 50 and 51. The active number of turns of these auxiliary windings can be varied as indicated in Fig. 7, thus varying the magnitude ot' the voltages derived therefrom. Windthe brushes 40, 41, winding 48 supplying ithe exciting component c4 end winding 49 the working-voltage-opposin'g component (-e). Similarly, the windings 50 and 51 are connected in series with the brushes 42, 43, winding 51 supplying the exciting component c and Winding 50 the working voltage-opposing component (-e). The preferred relative location of the principal vwindings is shown in Fig. 8. In the rotor slots 53 the Working Winding 14 is located near the air-gap 52 separatlng rotor and --ings 48 and 49 are connected in series with stator and at the top of the rotor-Slots. 'llie exciting winding 15, 16 is located away 1175 A from the air-gap in the bottom of the rotor slots. The primary winding 8', 8" is lo cated in the stator slots 36 and preferably close to theair-gap 52. If windings such as- 48. 49, 50, 51 are used they can be located in the bottom orat the top of the stator slots 256 but preferably in the bottom of saidslots and away from the air-gap 52. Some of the objects of this dispositon of the windings are to make the inductive relation between the -working winding 14 and the primary inducing Winding 8,78 better than the in-Y ductive relation between 8', 8 and the expedance of the latter.

citing winding 15, 16 and to increase the im l In `order to secure good commutation it will be usually necessary to keep the brush volta es Well below the line voltages and for t is reason it will often be more convenient to keep separate the windings 8 and 901i the primary of Figs. 1 and 2 and to apply less than line voltage to the commutator brushes .of Fig. 7. here is, however, iio theoretical reason why the windings 8 and 9 should not bev combined and there are several known ways of suitably combining such windings. While it will mostl be convenient to use a squirrel cage as t ie working winding on the secondary, ye t this is by no means necessary and an kind of a winding which can be closed a ong at leastone, but preferably along several axes per pole pair and either closed directly or Vover adjustable resistances can .be'nused as shown in Fig. 7. The exciting windings 15, 16 can be of any desired polyphase type and can be distributed to a greater or to a. less degree over the surface of each pole.V While for the sakeof greater simplicity and clearness the secondary exciting set of windings 15, 16 and the cooperating polyphase arrangement of brushes have been shown of the .twophase type in Figs-v 1. 2 and 7, there is. of course, no reason whatsoever why a threephase exciting secondary and a cooperating three-phase arrangement of brushes should not be used, nor is the arrangementlimited to a two or a three-phase disposition of windings and brushes and the choice of the number of phases of the exciting circuit is quite inde ndent of the number of phases for whic the primary winding 8 is wound. While the adjustable ratio transformers 17, 18 and 19, 20 have been shown with a movable secondary. yet it will undoubtedly be understood that they can be replaced by adjustable ratio transformers in which the number of primary `or secondary turns can be varied instead of displacing the axis of the secondary relatively to that of the primary. The air-gap necessary in the type of adjustable transformers shown increases the impedance-of each of the secondary exciting circuits. y I I Turning now to the mode of operation and first referring to Fig. 1, the motor may be started like an ordinary asynchronous induction machine Vby `connecting the sliprings 5, 6, 7 tof the full 'line voltage or a fraction thereof, whereupon the co-operation of the synchronously revolving fundamental magnetization produced by the polyphase currents fed mto the rotor with the squirrel cage'14 on the secondary will bring the Ymachine to a nearly synchronous speed. During this starting operation, the brush cir cuits may be interrupted or not as desired and the series transformers 26, 27, 28 may be left in circuit, in which case the rotor 22 of the relay will be held in the position respect to the this i'otor to turn back to its nooad position, in which one of the projections 39 rests against the stop 33. `Then the inacliine runs idle, its speed willbc slightly subsynchroiious. In an induction motor in which the primary revolves, it rotates in a direction opposed toV that. in which funrjiamental magnetization revolves; The spec of the latter is always synchronous with respect to the primary. When the primary is at rest the.` fundamental magnetization revolves synchronously with stator; as, the 4speed ofthe primar increases, so does the speed of the fun amental magnetization (lecrease with respect to the stator, becoming zero when tlie primary revolves synchronously. At slightly sub-synchronous speeds, the fundamental magnetization revolves very slowly with respect to the stator and induces or generates iii the stator or secondary windings working voltages e which are responsible for the working currents. These working currents co-act with the fundamental -niagnetization of tlie machine to produce the working torque. Because of the very low slip frequencies within the usual operating limits, the working currents ai'e practically in phase with the working voltages. In Fi 1 there are two sets of pol axially close secondary windings on t ie stator and working .voltages will be generated in each.V Since the impedance of the two-phase exciting winding l5, 16 on the secondary, per working volt generated in said exciting winding, is, according to this invention, made greater than the impedance of the workin secondary, per wor g volt generated in the working winding, the latter would carry the greater part of the total induced or generated secondary working ampereturns even vif no auxiliary voltages are introduced into the exciting winding. When auxiliary exciting voltages are injected into the windings 15, 16 t e working am returns in said windings are further'r uced and sometimes almost entirely eliminated and when the auxiliary voltages have workthe winding 14 on the'105 ing-voltage-opposing as well as exciting com- A ponents then the working am returns in 15, 16 are still further diminis ied and can always be entirely eliminated.

The two-phase secondary 15, 16 is connected to the two-phase arrangement of brushes 10, 11 and12, 13 for the purpose of producing the fundamental magnetization of the motor from the secondary instead of the primary and in circuits which carry slip frequency currents instead of in circuits *which carry line frequency currents. In view of the fact that at normal slip frequencies there yis'practically no phase dierenee lbetween voltage andv current, it is necessary in order to pro uce the fundamental magnetization of the motor from the secondary to introduce into each exciting-stator Winding an exciting volta e c which leads the working voltage e in t iat winding by about 90 de` grecs. The voltage e generated in each of the windings 15, 16 depends for its magnitude and phase on the magnitude-of the fundamental magnetization, on its speed relatively to said windings and on the position of its axis relatively to the axis of each of these windings. When the fundamental magnetization coincides with the axis of 15, the Working Voltage in that Winding is zero while that in the winding 16 is at a maximum. The amplitude of any brush voltage depends on the magnitude of the fundamental magnetization and on the speed ofthe latter relatively to the conductors of the Winding 9. The magnitude of this magnetization is practically constant in normal operation and its speed relatively to 9; is al- Ways synchronous and therefore constant',

with the result that the amplitude of the.

brush voltages is practically constant in normal operation. The periodicity of said voltages is of slip frequency (and thereforethe same as that of the voltages generated' in 15 and 16. Their phase is determined by the relative position of the axis yof the funda mental magnetization and the axis of the v brushes considered. Thus when the axis of the fundamental magnetization coincides with the axis of the secondary winding 15,

` phase primary 8. The exciting currents in tal magnetization of the motor, whether r0-.-

the several phases Aof the secondary 15, 16,' `Will be maintained independently of anyV Acurrents which may flow through said circuits becauseof voltages e induced o r generated in the windingV 15, 16 by the fundamen- [duced from the primary or the secon ary.

fSuch other currents will simply be super,

4posed on the exciting currents and will increase the load on the brushes, on the coin-V 4mutator, on the primary winding-9 and on the secondary windings 15,. 16, not only Y necessitating an increase in the size of these (-e) which are ofopposite -direction tothe currents of t eA working voltages e in said circuits and'there' fore in phase quadrature with the exciting vvoltages c impressed on said circuits by the polyphase arrangement of brushes. To thisy end the primary 17 of the transformer 17 ,l 18 is connected to the brushes 12, 13, and the primary 1'9 of the transformer 19, 20 is connected tothe brushes 10, 11. Since the Working voltages e induced in the windings 15, 16 increase'with increasing load, the Working-voltage-opposing voltages (-e) derived from the transformers 17, 18 and 19, 2 0 should increase likewise. This is automatically accomplished in Fig. 1 by means of the relay 22, 23, 2a, 25, the primary of which is so connected to the series transformers 26, 27, 28 as to cause its rotor or secondary 22 to move counterclockwise with increasing load. At no load one of the projections 39 `on the rotor 22 rests against the stop 33 and the axis of the movable secondary Winding 20 of the transformer 19, 20 is practically at lli 'with the result that the secondary voltage (-ef) of that transformer delivered to the 'circuit including the Winding 16 is practi- At maximum motor load the' cally zero. movement of the relay rotor 22 places the axis of the secondary 20 in coincidence with the axis of the primary -19 and the voltage (-e) opposing the Working voltage e in the circuit of the Winding 16 is at a maximum. The relay performs the same duty for phase 15 of the twophase secondary exciting Winding. The working voltage e' in` any phase of either set of windings on the secondary or the resultant voltage in the collective phases of any `secondary Winding increases with increasing load and` slip as shownrby the vectors el, e2, e, of Fig. 4. Disregarding any small l phase dierences Whichrmay be introduced or caused by secondary causes, for instance by the fact that every secondary has a certain amount of reactance even at small sli s, that component of the auxiliary voltage Which is to provvdu'ce'at least a part of the fundamental magnetization of themachinefrom the secondary lshould lead `the Working voltage b degrees as show nin'Fig. 4. At no loady the auxiliary voltage vE0 must be practically equal to "c, because at thattime the Working Yvoltage e is extremely small and may be disregardedJ-,If the magnitude of co is so chosen aste cause all of the fundamental magneti- `zation-to be produced on the secondary, then the power factor ofthe-machine will be almost unity, a1most,'bccause in order to take care of the primary reactance c, should be somewhat larger. than necessary to produce the whole of the fundamental magnetization,

thus compensating 'for the primary react- Fig. 1 by the arrangement there shown, the vo ta ges at the brushes 10, 11 and 12, 13 supplying the constant exciting components, c',

c and the two'adjustable ratio transformers supplying the variable working-voltageopposrmg components (-e) and (-e). It is to benoted that both components of E for 15 and of E for 16 are derived from the brushes co-operating with 9, the arrangement oi .transformers disclosed in Fig. 1 simply permitting of the ma tude or' the components .(-e) and lef) -being changed without'changing 'that of the components c and c and Without displacing the brushes. Instead of changing the magnitude ot' the working voltage components automatically, the changes can beV made by hand, quite an acccptable'procedure, for instance, where the load changes at infrequent intervals. f

The machine shown in Fig. 1 may be operated Without the adjustable ratio transformers 17, 18 and 19, V20 and Without the relay 22 andthe co-operatin series transformers, simlly relyin on tide reater impedance of t at secon ary win ing Whic carries the conduced exclting currents as l against the other secondary Winding which carries nothing but generated or induced working currents to suiiiciently reduce the workin" ampereturns in the exciting winding. lery good results have thus been obtained in the case of some motors, Working ampereturns inthe excitinA winding being practically eliminated at allgloads.

If it be desired to free the exciting winding from all load ampereturns at some selected motor load only, for instance atthat at which the motor usually operates, then the adjustable ratio transformers 17, 18 and 19, 20 can be set to cause their secondaries to produce voltages (--e) equal and opposed to the working voltagesv e generated in the exciting Winding at the slip corresponding-to the selected load. At loads in excess of the selected load, positive working ampere-,turns will circulate in the excitin winding and at loads below that selected sald windings will carry negative load ampereturns.

Exactly the same result can be achieved by discarding the adjustable ratio transformers and dis lacing the polyphase arrangement of brus les by a certain angle and in the proper direction and suitably redimensioning 15 and 16. Just what such a displacement will do is shown in Fig. 5 where the brushes 10,- 11 have been displaced by the angle a. Whereas before the displacement the hase of the auxiliary voltage supplied by t e brushes 10, 11 was of the phase required to produce the correctfundamental voltage should g placed from the h by displacing the brushes.

-Qpeoaeoo excitation ofthe machine and could not yield a working-voltage-opposing component, a.fter the displacement the phase-of the auxiliary voltage supplied by these same brushes isso' changed that this voltage can be components at right angles to each other, -of whichV exis of the proper phase to help excite the machine and (-61) of the proper phase and direction to oppose theworking voltage in the winding on which that partic- 7 ular auxiliary voltage is impressed. When the polyphase arrangement of brushes is disvosition shown in Fig. 1, and the adjustab e ratio transformers are discarded, the brush voltage becomes the 8 auxiliary voltage E and its, components c and (-e) are each smaller than the brush voltage. 1f the same eommuted windin is used then 15 and 16 must be dimensioned to conform to theI reduced values of c and 8 In Fig. 1 the working-voltage-opposing component. of the auxiliary voltages is derived from 9 with the help of brushes and transformers, the exciting voltage compo- 9 nent can, of course, be derived in the same way and this may be of advantage where it is desired to vary the phase compensation in a manner differing from that to be secured 9 Turning to Fig. 2, when the polyphase arrangement of brushes is in the position shown in that figure, the motor is adjusted to run light and the auxiliary volta-ges E and E supplied by the two sets of brushes 1 10, 11 and`12, 13 are of the pro er phase to produce the whole or a part of t e fundamental magnetization fromthe secondary. How much of this magnetization E and E produce merely depends on the magnitude l of these voltages. In so far as the brushes 10, 11 are concerned, Fig. 6 indicates the existing conditions as to phase and magnitude, the vector 0A representing the phase and magnitude of the auxiliary voltage E. As l the motor of Fig. 2 is loaded, the relay 22- moves the brush rocker arm 29 countercloclrwise andl causes the brush 11 to Successively occupy the positions indicated by the dotted brushes B and D in Fig. 6. After l the brush rocker arm 29 has been displaced by a, degrees, the vector OB indicates the magnitude and phase of the auxiliary voltage then prevailing at the brushes .10, 11. This auxiliary voltage now has acon'iponent 1 c of proper phase for excitation and a component (-e) of proper phase for opposing the working voltage induced in the secondary 15.V After 29 has traveled through a, degrees, OD is the vector which indicates the phase and magnitude of E. The same diagram, if turned through degrees, would indicate the corresponding conditions prevailing at the brushes 12, 1.8 and it is seen that with the arrangement indicated l divided inw w in Fig. 2- the auxiliary voltages impressed on the secondary exciting winding change their magnitude and phase with increasing load, but do not do so exactly in the manner prescribed by Fig. 4. If in Fig. 2 the excitation is set for unity power factor at no load and the brush rocker arm `29 moved counterclockwise with increasing load, the power factor of the machine will rise, the current leadine, until the brush rocker arm 29 has been displaced through a, degrees. Thereafter the power' factor diminishes. 1When the displacement is az'dcgrees, the power factor is again unity. vrllhe brush rocker arm can be so moved that thel work-` ing voltages generated in 15 and 16 are equaled and opposed throughout the operating range of the motor. The nolload value of the auxiliary voltages can he set to produce a leading or laggingfcurrent component 'and need not necessarily be set for unity power factor. The travel of the brush rocker arm in a counterclockwise direction can, if desired, be limited by a suitably placed stop.I If the brushes 10, 11 and 12, 13 of Fig. 2 are located at no load as shown in Fig. 1 and all the brushes are displaced b the means indicated in Fig. 2, then the c anges in the exciting and in the workingcurrent-opposing components of the auxiliary voltages impressed on the secondary exciting circuits can be followed or predetermined by' means of the diagram of Fig. 5. In such case an increase of (-9) is always accompanied by a decrease of c.

In Fig. 7 the primary is stationary and the secondary revolves, it rotates in the same direction as the fundamental magnetization of the machinegwhethcr the latter is produced from the primary or the secondary. The machine Vis started by connecting thc primary 8", 8 to the supply, closing the secondary working winding 14 over the resistauces 47 and reducingthe latter to zero in one or more steps. The commutator brush circuits may be interrupted or not at starting as desired. If the motor is to start under a heavy load it is better to interrupt said brush circuits. The exciting Winding 15. 16 is on the rotor and is a commuted winding. The auxiliary voltages are of line frequency, they .areA im ressed on the commutator brushes, trans ormed by the revolving commutator into slip frequency voltages and utilized as such vwithin the exciting winding. 'lhe auxiliary voltages are. all derived from auxiliary adjustable windings located on the primary. The working voltages generated in thcfcommuted winding at sub-synchronous speeds appear as line frequency voltages at the commutatorbrushes. The winding 41S supplies the exciting voltage c for the brushcircuit 40, 41 and c leads the working voltage e at the brushes 40, 41 by about degrees. The winding 49`supp1ies lmonaco and E, particularly when the primary and the two secondary windings occupy the relative positions in whichthey are shown in Fig. 8 and the impedance of 15, 16 per working volt generated in 15, 16 is greater than the impedance of 14 per working volt generated in 14 by the fundamental lmagnetization of the motor whether or not entirely produced by the winding 15, 16. This is one of the features of -my invention which is applicable to any forni of polyphase induction inotor; to that 'shown in Figs. 1 and 2 wherein auxiliary voltages of slip frequency are generated or produced in the motor itself and then applied to the secondary exciting windmg, as well as to that shown in Fig. 'i' wherein auxiliary voltages of line frequency are produced in the motor itself, transformed into slip frequency voltages and utilized as such in the secondary exciting winding. It is also applicable to separately excited polyphase induction motors in ywhich titl the auxiliary voltages whether of slip or l line frequency are not produced in the motor itself but in a device `independent` of the motor. 4

Phase compensated non-synchronous mo" tors can be used to simpl draw a leading current component from t e line. Synchro; nous motors have been used for thisservice under the name of synchronous condensers, these new machines can perform the same duty much more 'advantageously and when so used they can be described as asynchro-a nous condensers.. To this end they must be connected to the line and started in the usual but considerably Vover-excited and pref- Wa eralily operatedl without load. Under such conditions a redistribution of material between secondary exciting and working windings will'usually be desirable. Since asyn- 'I cln'onous condensers would be' required toelther draw a constant leadmg current component or one whlch lsonly occasionally adjusted by an attendant, automatic regular tion of c or (-e) will seldom be needed.

Whether the auxiliary voltages are derived with the help of adjustable transformers or movable brushes it will be suflicient to either set the transformer ratio or the brush angle once for all and not interfere with this adjustment unless the magnitude of the leadmg current component is to be chan d.

Synochronous condensers are usua ly conmission line, aistributing number of translating devices, some of.which nectedto analternating current system of distribution com rising a generator, a transnetwork and a require a lag ing current component. Some translating evices requiring such lagging current components are-transformers o various types, induction and other alternating current -motors.A The s nchronous condensers are usually locate as close as possible to the translating devices which require lagging current components and adjusted to approximately compensate for the latter by drawing a corresponding leading component from the line. The synchronous condensers mostly require an 'unduly large current to start and are liableto hunt and even to fall out of step. It is my belief that a large capacity of vsynchronous machineryfis in any case undesirable on any distribution system because yof thefexcessive speed rigidity of such machines which tends to aggravate all tendencies-to oscillations and requires instantaneous response tgt-changes in load. The asynchronous condenser here described is entirely free from' all these objections, it can be very readily started with aminimum cur- Yof condenser, Aby its use 'winding jis then located rent demand, it draws quite as large a leading current component, cannot possibly hunt or fall out of step and has no speed rigidity whatsoever. From all viewpoints, it is considerably superior to thesg'nchronous type t e power factor of a system can be corrected without endangering the system as awhole or adding to the operati dilliculties.

In Fig. 9 have diagrammatically illus` trated a system embodying anv asynchronous condenser. The three-p ase synchronous enerator 55, 56 delivers energy to the transormers 57 which feed thefline 2, 3, 4. -nduction motors 59 and 60 are connected to the line, the former throughy the transformers 58. The asynchronous condenser is 61, it comprises the primary 8, the secondary Working windin 14, the secondary exciting winding 15 and t e source 54 ofthe auxiliary voltages which cause the condenser to take leadin current components from the line. Theseleading current components can be adjusted to compensate for the lagging current components taken hy some or iy all of the translating devices such as transformers or induction motors of the usual construction without phase compensation.

In principle it is immaterial whether it is the secondary or the primary which revolves` the mode of o ration' remains the same.

VReferring' to F1 s. land 2, when the sec-A on the rotor it revolves in the same direction as the fundamental magnetization of the motor. The commuted on the stator and with same revolves the case of Fig. 7

ondary is locate the brushes ctx-operating with the secondary.. In

Leo-geoo- A the Iimary may be located on theV rotor in whic case the commuted winding must be placed on the stator and theY brushes must revolve with the primary.

To What extent the invention is ltaken advantage-of when applied to a motor depends on the preference of the user. When load currents are ractically eliminated from the exciting win ing onvthe secondary .the conditions are very favorable. The magnetic circuit of the motor should preferably have no polar projections and may be designed as is usual in asynchronous motor practice, but in dimensioning the circuits it should be remembered thatunder the most favorable conditions line connected primary windings in such a motor carry nothing but working currents, and not working and magnetizing currents as in the ordinary polyphase motor, and that the winding 14 on the secondary carries nothing but secondaryY load or working currents while the other winding 15, 16

gap. These ampereturns may remain con.

stant at all motor loads andthe commutator voltage may be chosen as low as desired.

Throughout this specification the term primary member is applied to that member which carries the windings connected to the supply, which windings carry the line working currents and Whether or not these primary Windings produce the revolving flux of the motor which ux always revolves synchronously with respectto the primary member. The other member is referred to as secondary Whether or not it carries a winding or windings which produce all or a part of the revolving flux.

It is well'known that any motor can be voperated as a generator provided it be driven by a prime mover at a suitable speed, and it is also generally recognized that non-synchronous polyphase motors are no exception to this rule. It is further known that in the case of an asynchronous motor the voltages generated by the primary iux in any winding on the secondary change their direction when the machine passes from sub to supersynchronous speeds, thereby causing the machine to send working currents back tothe line instead of drawing such currents from the supply. To keep the exciting circuits free from other than exciting currents is, of course, desirable Whether the machine operates as a motor or as a generator. It is, therefore, to be understood that the terms used with reference to motor structures and operation are employed descriptively rather than limitatively.'

While theories have been advanced in conin, this has been done with a view to facilitating their description and-understanding, vbut it is to be understood that I do not bind myself to these or any other theories'.

It is clear that various changes may be made in the details of this disclosure without departing from the spirit of this invention, andit is, therefore, torbe understood that this invention is notl to be limited to the s ecific details here shown and described. In t e appendedv claims I aim to cover all the modifications which are Within the scope of my invention.

Having thus described what I claim is: f

1. In an asynchronouspolyphase motor, a primary, a secondary, a winding on the secthe invention,

'ondar in inductive relation to the primary and c osed along at least one axis per pole pair, another winding on the secondary in 4inductive relation to the primary, ,the impedance per working volt of the lsecond ybeing greater than the impedance per Working volt of the first'windin on the secondary, and means for introduclng auxiliary polyphase voltages into said second winding which lead the Working voltages in that winding by about 90 degrees.

2. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary, a secondary, a Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary and closed along a plurality of axes per pole pair, another winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary, the imdance per working volt of the second belng greater than the impedance per Working volt of the first winding on the secondary, means for introducing auxiliary polyphase voltages into said second Winding which lead the working voltages in that Winding by about 90 degrees, and means for varying the magnitude of the auxiliary voltages.

3. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary, a secondary, a Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary and closed along a plurality of axes per pole pair, another Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary, the impedance per Working volt of the second being greater than the impedance per Working volt of the first Winding on the secondary, means for introducing auxiliary 'polyphase voltages into said second winding which lead the working voltages in that winding by about 90 degrees, and'means for. varying the phase and the magnitude of the auxiliary voltages.

4. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary, a secondary, a Winding oncthe secondary in inductive relation to the primary and closed along a plurality of axes per pole pair, another winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary, the impedance per Working volt of the second being greater than the impedance Vper Working volt of the first winding on the secondary, means for introducing auxiliary polyphase volta es into said second windl' greater than the impedance per Working volt of the first Winding on the secondary, means for introducing auxiliary polyphase voltages into said second Winding which lead the Working voltages in the Winding by about 90 degrees, and means for increasing the lead of the auxiliary over the Working voltages as the motor load increases.

6. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary, a secondary, a winding on the secondar in inductive relation to the primary and c osed along at least one axis per pole pair, another Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary, the impedance per Workin volt of the second being greater than the impedance per Working volt of the first Winding on the secondary, means for introducing auxiliary polyphase voltages into said second 'Winding which lead the Working voltages in that Winding by about 90 degrees, and means for increasing the lead of the auxiliary over the Working voltages automatically as the motor load increases. i

7. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary, a secondary, a Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary and closed along at least one axis per pole pair, another Winding on the secondary in inductive relative to the primary, the impedance per Working volt of the second being greater than the impedance per working volt of the rst Winding on the secondary, means for introducing auxiliary polyphase voltages into said second Winding which lead the Working voltages in that. Winding by about 90 degrees, and means for increasing with increasing motor load the magnitude of the auxiliaryl voltages and their lead over the Working voltages.

8. In an asynchronous polyphasemotor, a primary, a secondary, a Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary and closed along a plurality of axes per pole pair, another Winding on the secondary in inductive rela-tion to the primary, the impedance per working volt of the second being greater than the impedance per Working volt of the first Winding on th( secondary, and means for introducing auxiliary polyphase voltages into said second RSM) Winding which lead the working voltages in that Winding by more than 90 degrees.

9. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary adapted for4 connect1on-to a polyphase supply, a commuted vvinding on the primary, a. secondary, a winding on the secondary closed along a plurality of axes per pole pair and in inductive relation to the primary, another polyphase Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary, the impedance per Worklng volt of the second 'being'greater than the impedance per Working volt of the first Winding von the secondary. and means for impressing on the second Winding auxiliary polyphase voltages of slip frequency derivedy from the commuted Windingl and leading the vvorkmg voltages in said second Winding by about 90 degrees. y

10. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary adapted for connection to a polyphase supply, a commuted vvindmg on the primary, a secondary, a winding on the secondary closed along a plurality of axes per pole pair and in inductive relation to the primary, another polyphase winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary, means for impressing on the other winding auxiliary polyphase voltages of slip frequency derived from the commuted Winding and leading the working voltages in said, other Winding by about 90 degrees, and means for so changing the phase of the auxiliary polyphase voltages as to oppose the formation of working currents in the secondary Winding on which said auxiliary voltages are impressed.

11. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary adapted for connection to a polyphase supply, a commuted Winding on the primary, a secondary, a Winding 0n the secondary closed along a plurality of axes per pole pair and in inductive relation to the primary, another polyphase Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary, means for impressing on the other winding auxiliary polyphase voltages of slip frequency derived from the commuted Winding and leading the working voltages in said lother Winding by about 90 degrees, and

winding auxiliary polyphase voltages of slip 4and means for introducing auxi frequency derived from the commuted Winding and leading the Working voltages in said other Winding by about 90 degrees, and means for so changing the phase and magnitude of the auxiliary polyphase voltages as to oppose the formation of working currents in the secondary Winding on which said auxiliary voltages are impressed.

13. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary adapted for connection to a polyphase supply, a commuted winding on the.

primary, a secondary, a Winding on the secondary closed along a plurality of axes per pole pair and in inductive relation to the primary, another polyphase Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary, means for impressing on the other Winding auxiliary polyphase voltages of slip frequency derived from the commuted Winding and leading the Working voltages in said other winding by about 90 degrees, and means dependent on variations of the load on the motor for automatically so changing the phase of the auxiliary polyphase voltages as to oppose the formation of Working currents iny the secondary Winding on which said auxiliarywindings are impressed.

14. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary, va secondary, a polyphase and another Winding on the secondary, the polyphase Winding being in closer inductive relation to the primary than the other winding and having a lower ohmic resistance, and means for introducing auxiliary polyphase voltages into the secondary Winding having the higher ohmic resistance said auxiliary voltages leading the generated Working voltages in the Winding With the higher ohmic resistance by about 90 degrees.

15. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary adapted for connection to the supply, a secondary, a Working and an exciting Winding on the secondar in-inductive relation to the primary, t e Working winding being closed along a plurality of axes per pole pair and located between. the prima-ry and the exciting Winding, and means for introducing auxiliary polyphase voltages into the excitingavinding said auxiliary voltages -leading the Working voltages generated in the exciting Winding by about 90 degrees.

16. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary adapted for connection to the supply, a secondary, a working and an exciting Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary, the Working Winding being closed along a plurality of axes per pole pair and located between the pmmary and the exciting winding, the impedance per working volt vof the exciting Winding eing higher than the impedance per working volt of the workin winding,

?iary Polyphase voltages into the exciting winding said auxiliary voltages leading the working voltages generated in the exciting winding by about degrees.

l17. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary, a secondary, a winding on the secondary iu inductive relation to the prrmary and closed along a plurality of axes per pole pair. another winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary,

the impedance per working volt of the second being greater than the impedance per Working volt of the first winding 'on the sec-v ondary. means for introducing auxiliary polyphase voltages into said second Winding, said. auxiliary voltages having one component leading the Working voltages in that winding by about 90 and another leading them by about 180 degrees, and means for varying the magnitude of one of these components.

18. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary, a secondary, a winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary and closed along a plurality of axesl per pole pair, another Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary, the impedance per working volt of the second being greater than the impedance per Working volt of the first Winding on the secondary, means for introducing auxiliary polyphase voltages into said second winding, said auxiliary voltages having one component leading the Working voltages in that winding by about 90 and another leading them by about 180 degrees, and means for varying the magnitude of one of these components without varying the magnitude of the other.

19. ln an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary, a secondary, a Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary and closed along a plurality of axes per pole pair, another Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary, the impedance per Working volt of the second being greater than the impedance per Working volt of the irst Winding on the secondary, means for introducing auxiliary polyphase voltages into said second Winding, said auxiliary voltages having one component leading the Working voltages in that winding by about 90 and another leading them about 180 degrees` and means including adjustable ratio transformers for varying the magnitude of one of these components.

20. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary, a secondary, a Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary and closed along a plurality of axes per pole pair, another winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary the impedance per Working volt of the second being greater than the impedance per working volt of the lirst Winding on the secondary, means for introducing auxiliary polyphase voltages into said second lWinding, said auxiliary :voltageshaving one component leadingithe yworking 'voltages in that winding by about 90 and another leading them by about 180 de rees, andan inductive connection between t e source of -at t least one component of the auxiliary voltages and the second winding on'the secondary.

21. The method of operating anl asynchronous polyphase motor the torque of.

which depends on a flux moving synchronously with respect to the primary, comprising, generating polyphase Working .volt-l ages 1n lndependent secondary circuits', al-

working currents in the other secondary circuit, and Iintroducing into said other secondary circuit auxiliarypolyphase voltages to produce at least part ofthe synchronously moving flux. y

22. The method Vof operating an asynchronous polyphase motor the torque of which depends on a flux moving synchronously with respect to the primary comprising, generating polyphase working voltages of slip frequency in independent secondary circuits, allowing the free formation of Working or torque producingcurrent-s in one of the-secondary circuits, producing on the primary auxiliary polyphase voltages of slip frequency, and impressing these auxiliary voltages onI the other secondary circuit to produce at least part ofthe synchronously moving flux.

28. The method of operating an asynchronous polyphase motor the torque of which depends on a flux moving synchronously with respect to the primary, comprising, ,generating polyphase Working voltages of slip frequency in independent secondary circuits, allowing the free formation of Working or torque producing currents in one of the secondary circuits, producing on the rimary auxiliary polyphase voltages of sip frequency, and impressing these auxiliary voltages on the other secondary circuit to produce at least part of the synchronously moving flux and to oppose the Working voltages generated in said other secondary circuit.

24. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary, a secondary, a Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the .primary and closed along at least one axis per pole pair, another Winding on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary, the impedance of the circuit comprising the second Winding per Working volt generated in said second Winding being greater than the impedance of the circuit comprising the first Winding per Working volt generated in said first Winding, and means for introducing auxiliary polyphase voltages into said second Winding which lead the vWorking voltages in that winding by about 90 degrees.

25. In an asynchronous polyphase motor, a primary, a secondary, polyphese working and exciting circuits on the secondary in inductive relation to the primary, means comprising one of said secondary polyphase circuits for producing at least part of the revolving field of the motor, and lmpedances in the polyphase exciting circuits to raise the total impedance of these circuits per working volt generated therein above the total. impedance of the secondary working circuits per working volt generated in said secondary working circuits.

In testimony whereof I afix my signature this 11th day of December, 1924.

VALRE ALFRED FYNN. 

